スカイプをパージして再インストールしようとした後に壊れたパッケージを保持しました
私は16.04 64ビットデスクトップを使用し、skypeリポジトリからpartnersをインストールしました。
メッセージの送信に問題があったため、再インストールしたいと思いました。私が走った：
Sudo apt purge skype
Sudo apt autoremove
次に、実行したかった：
Sudo apt install skype
しかし、それは失敗し、「壊れたパッケージを保持しています」というエラーが表示されます。
私が保持している唯一のパッケージはgeditとそのプラグインで、Skypeとは一切関係ありません。
$ dpkg --get-selections | grep hold
gedit hold
gedit-common hold
gedit-dev hold
gedit-developer-plugins hold
gedit-plugins hold
リストされているインストールされていない依存関係を手動でインストールしようとすると、この一連のコマンドが表示され、最終的にaptはubuntu-desktopなどを含む大量のパッケージの削除を提案します。
bytecommander@BC-AlkaliMetal:~$ Sudo apt install skype
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies.
skype : Depends: skype-bin
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
bytecommander@BC-AlkaliMetal:~$ Sudo apt install skype skype-bin
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies.
skype-bin:i386 : Depends: libqtwebkit4:i386 (>= 2.2~2011week36) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
bytecommander@BC-AlkaliMetal:~$ Sudo apt install skype skype-bin libqtwebkit4:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies.
libqtwebkit4:i386 : Depends: libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386 (>= 1.0.0) but it is not going to be installed
Depends: libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 (>= 1.0.0) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
bytecommander@BC-AlkaliMetal:~$ Sudo apt install skype skype-bin libqtwebkit4:i386 libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies.
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386 : Depends: libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 (>= 1.6.0) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: gstreamer1.0-plugins-base:i386 but it is not going to be installed
libqtwebkit4:i386 : Depends: libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 (>= 1.0.0) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
bytecommander@BC-AlkaliMetal:~$ Sudo apt install skype skype-bin libqtwebkit4:i386 libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
account-plugin-tools accountsservice-ubuntu-schemas apturl-common dbus-property-service fonts-droid-fallback fonts-noto-mono
gir1.2-secret-1 gnome-control-center-data gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-settings-daemon iio-sensor-proxy indicator-network
libc-ares2 libcdparanoia0:i386 libcolord-gtk1 libconnectivity-qt1 libdbus-cpp5 libdleyna-connector-dbus-1.0-1
libdleyna-core-1.0-3 libexiv2-14 libgexiv2-2 libgpod-common libgpod4 libgssdp-1.0-3 libgupnp-1.0-4 libgupnp-av-1.0-2
libhardware2 libhybris libhybris-common1 libhybris-utils libmedia1 libonline-accounts-client1 libonline-accounts-daemon1
libonline-accounts-qt1 libopus0:i386 libpeas-1.0-0-python3loader libprocess-cpp3 libqmenumodel0 libqofono-qt5-0
libqt5multimediaquick-p5 libqt5multimediawidgets5 libqt5systeminfo5 libqt5xmlpatterns5 libsgutils2-2 libsystemsettings1
libtheora0:i386 libtrust-store2 libubuntuoneauth-2.0-0 libvisual-0.4-0:i386 media-player-info network-manager-openvpn ofono
python-aptdaemon python-aptdaemon.gtk3widgets python-bs4 python-debian python-defer python-html5lib python-lxml python-netifaces
python-xdg python3-gnupg python3-mako qmenumodel-qml qml-module-qtsysteminfo qml-module-ubuntu-connectivity
qml-module-ubuntu-onlineaccounts2 qtdeclarative5-gsettings1.0 qtdeclarative5-ofono0.2 qtdeclarative5-ubuntu-settings-components
realmd rhythmbox-data shotwell-common sqlite3 system-image-common system-image-dbus ubuntu-keyboard-data ubuntuone-client-data
ubuntuone-credentials-common urfkill
Use 'Sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
apparmor-easyprof apparmor-easyprof-ubuntu click click-apparmor gcc-5-base:i386 gir1.2-click-0.4 gir1.2-gee-0.8 libasound2:i386
libasound2-plugins:i386 libasyncns0:i386 libaudio2:i386 libavahi-client3:i386 libavahi-common-data:i386 libavahi-common3:i386
libboost-log1.58.0 libbsd0:i386 libclick-0.4-0 libcontent-hub0 libcups2:i386 libdbus-1-3:i386 libdbusmenu-qt2:i386
libdrm-amdgpu1:i386 libdrm-intel1:i386 libdrm-nouveau2:i386 libdrm-radeon1:i386 libdrm2:i386 libedit2:i386 libelf1:i386
libexpat1:i386 libffi6:i386 libflac8:i386 libfontconfig1:i386 libfreetype6:i386 libgflags2v5 libgl1-mesa-dri:i386
libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 libglapi-mesa:i386 libglib2.0-0:i386 libgmp10:i386 libgnutls30:i386 libgoogle-glog0v5 libgssapi-krb5-2:i386
libhogweed4:i386 libice6:i386 libicu55:i386 libidn11:i386 libjack-jackd2-0:i386 libjbig0:i386 libjpeg-turbo8:i386 libjpeg8:i386
libjson-c2:i386 libk5crypto3:i386 libkeyutils1:i386 libkrb5-3:i386 libkrb5support0:i386 liblcms2-2:i386 liblibertine1
libllvm3.8:i386 liblttng-ust-ctl2 liblttng-ust0 libmng2:i386 libmysqlclient20:i386 libnettle6:i386 libogg0:i386
liborc-0.4-0:i386 libp11-kit0:i386 libpciaccess0:i386 libpng12-0:i386 libpulse0:i386 libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-declarative:i386
libqt4-network:i386 libqt4-opengl:i386 libqt4-script:i386 libqt4-sql:i386 libqt4-sql-mysql:i386 libqt4-xml:i386
libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtdbus4:i386 libqtgui4:i386 libsamplerate0:i386 libsm6:i386 libsndfile1:i386
libspeexdsp1:i386 libsqlite3-0:i386 libssl1.0.0:i386 libstdc++6:i386 libtasn1-6:i386 libtiff5:i386 libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386
libubuntu-app-launch2 libubuntu-download-manager-client1 libubuntu-download-manager-common1 libudm-common1 liburcu4
libvorbis0a:i386 libvorbisenc2:i386 libwrap0:i386 libx11-6:i386 libx11-xcb1:i386 libxau6:i386 libxcb-dri2-0:i386
libxcb-dri3-0:i386 libxcb-glx0:i386 libxcb-present0:i386 libxcb-sync1:i386 libxcb1:i386 libxdamage1:i386 libxdmcp6:i386
libxext6:i386 libxfixes3:i386 libxi6:i386 libxml2:i386 libxrender1:i386 libxshmfence1:i386 libxslt1.1:i386 libxss1:i386
libxt6:i386 libxv1:i386 libxxf86vm1:i386 python3-apparmor python3-apparmor-click python3-click-package python3-libapparmor
qt-at-spi:i386 qtdeclarative5-ubuntu-content1 sni-qt:i386
Suggested packages:
click-reviewers-tools ubuntu-app-launch-tools | upstart-app-launch-tools nas:i386 content-hub gnutls-bin:i386 krb5-doc:i386
krb5-user:i386 libvisual-0.4-plugins:i386 gstreamer1.0-tools:i386 gstreamer1.0-plugins-base:i386 jackd2:i386
libqt4-declarative-folderlistmodel:i386 libqt4-declarative-gestures:i386 libqt4-declarative-particles:i386
libqt4-declarative-shaders:i386 qt4-qmlviewer:i386 libqt4-dev:i386 libthai0:i386 qt4-qtconfig:i386
Recommended packages:
gstreamer1.0-plugins-base:i386 xml-core:i386
The following packages will be REMOVED
apturl cheese evince gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-1.0 gir1.2-gstreamer-1.0 gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-webkit-3.0
gir1.2-webkit2-4.0 gnome-user-guide gnome-video-effects gstreamer1.0-alsa gstreamer1.0-clutter-3.0 gstreamer1.0-fluendo-mp3
gstreamer1.0-libav gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad-faad gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad-videoparsers
gstreamer1.0-plugins-base gstreamer1.0-plugins-base-apps gstreamer1.0-plugins-good gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly
gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly-amr gstreamer1.0-pulseaudio gstreamer1.0-tools gstreamer1.0-x gufw indicator-bluetooth
indicator-datetime indicator-power libcheese-gtk25 libcheese8 libclutter-gst-3.0-0 libdmapsharing-3.0-2 libevview3-3
libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-0 libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0 libgstreamer-plugins-good1.0-0 libgstreamer1.0-0 libqt5webkit5
libreoffice-avmedia-backend-gstreamer librhythmbox-core9 libtotem0 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37-gtk2
libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 libyelp0 nautilus-share rhythmbox rhythmbox-plugin-zeitgeist rhythmbox-plugins sessioninstaller shotwell
signon-ui signon-ui-x11 totem totem-plugins ubuntu-desktop ubuntu-docs ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk ubuntu-Tweak
unity-control-center unity-control-center-signon unity-lens-music unity-lens-video update-manager update-notifier Yelp zenity
The following NEW packages will be installed
apparmor-easyprof apparmor-easyprof-ubuntu click click-apparmor gcc-5-base:i386 gir1.2-click-0.4 gir1.2-gee-0.8 libasound2:i386
libasound2-plugins:i386 libasyncns0:i386 libaudio2:i386 libavahi-client3:i386 libavahi-common-data:i386 libavahi-common3:i386
libboost-log1.58.0 libbsd0:i386 libclick-0.4-0 libcontent-hub0 libcups2:i386 libdbus-1-3:i386 libdbusmenu-qt2:i386
libdrm-amdgpu1:i386 libdrm-intel1:i386 libdrm-nouveau2:i386 libdrm-radeon1:i386 libdrm2:i386 libedit2:i386 libelf1:i386
libexpat1:i386 libffi6:i386 libflac8:i386 libfontconfig1:i386 libfreetype6:i386 libgflags2v5 libgl1-mesa-dri:i386
libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 libglapi-mesa:i386 libglib2.0-0:i386 libgmp10:i386 libgnutls30:i386 libgoogle-glog0v5 libgssapi-krb5-2:i386
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386 libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 libhogweed4:i386 libice6:i386 libicu55:i386 libidn11:i386
libjack-jackd2-0:i386 libjbig0:i386 libjpeg-turbo8:i386 libjpeg8:i386 libjson-c2:i386 libk5crypto3:i386 libkeyutils1:i386
libkrb5-3:i386 libkrb5support0:i386 liblcms2-2:i386 liblibertine1 libllvm3.8:i386 liblttng-ust-ctl2 liblttng-ust0 libmng2:i386
libmysqlclient20:i386 libnettle6:i386 libogg0:i386 liborc-0.4-0:i386 libp11-kit0:i386 libpciaccess0:i386 libpng12-0:i386
libpulse0:i386 libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-declarative:i386 libqt4-network:i386 libqt4-opengl:i386 libqt4-script:i386
libqt4-sql:i386 libqt4-sql-mysql:i386 libqt4-xml:i386 libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtdbus4:i386 libqtgui4:i386
libqtwebkit4:i386 libsamplerate0:i386 libsm6:i386 libsndfile1:i386 libspeexdsp1:i386 libsqlite3-0:i386 libssl1.0.0:i386
libstdc++6:i386 libtasn1-6:i386 libtiff5:i386 libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386 libubuntu-app-launch2 libubuntu-download-manager-client1
libubuntu-download-manager-common1 libudm-common1 liburcu4 libvorbis0a:i386 libvorbisenc2:i386 libwrap0:i386 libx11-6:i386
libx11-xcb1:i386 libxau6:i386 libxcb-dri2-0:i386 libxcb-dri3-0:i386 libxcb-glx0:i386 libxcb-present0:i386 libxcb-sync1:i386
libxcb1:i386 libxdamage1:i386 libxdmcp6:i386 libxext6:i386 libxfixes3:i386 libxi6:i386 libxml2:i386 libxrender1:i386
libxshmfence1:i386 libxslt1.1:i386 libxss1:i386 libxt6:i386 libxv1:i386 libxxf86vm1:i386 python3-apparmor python3-apparmor-click
python3-click-package python3-libapparmor qt-at-spi:i386 qtdeclarative5-ubuntu-content1 skype skype-bin:i386 sni-qt:i386
0 to upgrade, 133 to newly install, 69 to remove and 4 not to upgrade.
Need to get 80,2 MB/80,3 MB of archives.
After this operation, 45,0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] n
Abort.
skypeを再インストールするにはどうすればよいですか？
理由はわかりませんが、どういうわけか問題は解決しました。
たぶん、最近のgstreamerパッケージのアップデートをインストールした後でなくなったでしょう...
開催したパッケージのスクリプトを書くのは私だけなので、ここで唯一答えます。gupgrade.shと呼ばれるダウングレードスクリプトを実行している間にスクリプトを取得しているはずです。
この状況を解決する最も手間のかからない方法は、単にgupgrade.shスクリプトを実行することです。システムにskypeを整理してから、ダウングレードスクリプトを再度実行します（ 参照 ）。
または、そのスクリプトがもうない場合：
# unhold the packages
Sudo apt-mark unhold gedit-common gedit gedit-dev gedit-developer-plugin gedit-plugins
# removing gedit temporarily
dpkg -r gedit-developer-plugin
dpkg -r gedit-plugins
dpkg -r gedit-dev
dpkg -r gedit
dpkg -r gedit-common
# removing skype and reinstalling it
dpkg -r --force skype
apt-get install skype
# re-run the gedit downgrade
wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/7rn0ta39nkfvnj5/gdowngrade.sh
wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/d6eq4zy6dm0wy71/gdowngrade.sh.sum
sha512sum -c gdowngrade.sh.sum
chmod 755 ./gdowngrade.sh
Sudo ./gdowngrade.sh
synapticを実行すると、壊れたパッケージが修正されます。あるいはSudo apt-get install -fも同じことを行います。