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systemdユーザーユニットが起動時に起動しないのはなぜですか？

Systemdユーザーユニットを作成し、システムの起動時にそれを開始しようとしています。サービスは手動で開始されますが、起動時に開始されません。

インターネットを検索したところ、起動時にユーザーユニットを開始するために、おそらくloginctl enable-linger <username>、しかしこれはまったく効果がなかったようです。実際、manページには次のように書かれています。

       Enable/disable user lingering for one or more users. If enabled for
       a specific user, a user manager is spawned for the user at boot and
       kept around after logouts. This allows users who are not logged in
       to run long-running services.

このコマンドを実行しても、サービスが起動時に開始されません。

loginctl enable-linger error

ユニット：

$ cat ~/.config/systemd/user/thin\@.service
[Unit]
Description=A fast and very simple Ruby web server

[Service]
Type=simple
EnvironmentFile=/home/error/.config/thin/%i
ExecStart=/usr/bin/bash /home/error/.rvm/wrappers/%i/thin start -a $THIN_BIND -p $THIN_PORT
WorkingDirectory=/srv/www/%i
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

再起動すると、実行されません。

$ systemctl --user status thin@redmine -l
● [email protected] - A fast and very simple Ruby web server
   Loaded: loaded (/home/error/.config/systemd/user/[email protected]; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)

# systemctl status user@1000 -l
● [email protected] - User Manager for UID 1000
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2015-12-23 19:43:27 GMT; 13s ago
 Main PID: 613 (systemd)
   Status: "Startup finished in 38ms."
   CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/[email protected]
           ├─613 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user
           └─615 (sd-pam)                                                          

Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Reached target Sockets.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Starting Sockets.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Reached target Timers.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Starting Timers.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Reached target Basic System.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Starting Basic System.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Reached target Default.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Startup finished in 38ms.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Starting Default.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[1]: Started User Manager for UID 1000.

私はそれを手動で開始することができ、それは動作します：

$ systemctl --user start thin@redmine
$ systemctl --user status thin@redmine -l
● [email protected] - A fast and very simple Ruby web server
   Loaded: loaded (/home/error/.config/systemd/user/[email protected]; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2015-12-23 19:43:50 GMT; 5s ago
 Main PID: 1265 (Ruby)
   CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/[email protected]/thin.slice/[email protected]
           └─1265 Ruby /home/error/.rvm/gems/Ruby-2.2.1@redmine/bin/thin start -a ::1 -p 8008

Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Started A fast and very simple Ruby web server.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Starting A fast and very simple Ruby web server...
Dec 23 19:43:52 redmine bash[1265]: /home/error/.rvm/gems/Ruby-2.2.1@redmine/gems/htmlentities-4.3.1/lib/htmlentities/mappings/expanded.rb:465: warning: duplicated key at line 466 ignored: "inodot"

# systemctl status user@1000 -l
● [email protected] - User Manager for UID 1000
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]; static; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2015-12-23 19:43:27 GMT; 40s ago
 Main PID: 613 (systemd)
   Status: "Startup finished in 38ms."
   CGroup: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/[email protected]
           ├─613 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user
           ├─615 (sd-pam)                                                       
           └─thin.slice
             └─[email protected]
               └─1265 Ruby /home/error/.rvm/gems/Ruby-2.2.1@redmine/bin/thin start -a ::1 -p 8008                                                               

Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Startup finished in 38ms.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Starting Default.
Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[1]: Started User Manager for UID 1000.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Created slice -.slice.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Starting -.slice.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Created slice thin.slice.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Starting thin.slice.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Started A fast and very simple Ruby web server.
Dec 23 19:43:50 redmine systemd[613]: Starting A fast and very simple Ruby web server...
Dec 23 19:43:52 redmine bash[1265]: /home/error/.rvm/gems/Ruby-2.2.1@redmine/gems/htmlentities-4.3.1/lib/htmlentities/mappings/expanded.rb:465: warning: duplicated key at line 466 ignored: "inodot"

このサービスが起動時に開始しない理由を理解し、それを開始するにはどうすればよいですか？

オペレーティングシステムはFedora 23 x86_64、systemd 222-10です。

fedorasystemdservicesnot-root-user
41
Michael Hampton

私がこれを自分で考え出す数字。

手がかりは、ユーザーサービスの出力にあります。

Dec 23 19:43:27 redmine systemd[613]: Reached target Default.

私のユニットはmulti-user.targetをロードするように求めていましたが、ユーザーsystemdにそのようなターゲットはありません。

これをユニットファイルでdefault.targetに変更し、サービスを無効にしてから再度有効にしたところ、起動時に開始されます。

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

その後

$ systemctl --user disable thin@redmine
Removed symlink /home/error/.config/systemd/user/multi-user.target.wants/[email protected].
$ systemctl --user daemon-reload
$ systemctl --user enable thin@redmine
Created symlink from /home/error/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants/[email protected] to /home/error/.config/systemd/user/[email protected].
63
Michael Hampton