ZFS-HDDのパフォーマンスは、ベンダー間で3ウェイミラーで大きく異なります
前提条件
5x "3-way-mirror"で構成されるプールを備えたFreeNASシステムがあります。ミラーごとのディスクは異なるベンダーのものですが、「紙の上の」パフォーマンス特性は同じです。
プール-レイアウト：
Tank0
mirror-0
Western Digital WDC WD20SPZX (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Seagate ST2000LM015 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Toshiba HDWL120 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
mirror-1
Western Digital WDC WD20SPZX (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Seagate ST2000LM015 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Toshiba HDWL120 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
mirror-2
Western Digital WDC WD20SPZX (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Seagate ST2000LM015 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Toshiba HDWL120 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
mirror-3
Western Digital WDC WD20SPZX (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Seagate ST2000LM015 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Toshiba HDWL120 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
mirror-4
Western Digital WDC WD20SPZX (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Seagate ST2000LM015 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
Toshiba HDWL120 (2TB, 128MB Cache, 5400 RPM)
logs
mirror-5
Seagate ST200FM0002 (200GB SAS SSD)
Seagate ST200FM0002 (200GB SAS SSD)
cache
Samsung 850 PRO (512GB SATA SSD)
ドライブの特定のモデルに障害が発生するリスクを最小限に抑えるために選択された、ミラーごとの3つの異なるドライブベンダー。 WDおよびSeagateドライブはミラーの作成時に挿入されましたが、東芝ドライブは後で3ウェイミラーを形成するために追加されました。
すべてのドライブは、HPSE326M1-Serverのバックプレーンに接続されています。バックプレーン自体は、ITモードファームウェアでフラッシュされたHP H220HBAに接続されています。
ZFSは、RAIDカードなしで各ドライブと直接対話できます。
ドライブのスマートバリュー
Western Digital
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: WDC WD20SPZX-00CRAT0
Serial Number: WD-WXA1E17A5SPC
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 65db69aed
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Wed Apr 24 13:04:40 2019 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (21120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x71) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 368) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 3) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 253 021 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 4
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 091 091 000 Old_age Always - 7047
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 4
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 2
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 20
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 111 109 000 Old_age Always - 36
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
シーゲイト
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 2.5 5400
Device Model: ST2000LM015-2E8174
Serial Number: WDZBHCXK
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 0acdec7df
Firmware Version: SDM1
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Wed Apr 24 13:05:23 2019 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x71) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 331) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 078 064 006 Pre-fail Always - 57137976
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 4
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 086 060 045 Pre-fail Always - 426983688
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 092 092 000 Old_age Always - 7054 (57 92 0)
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 4
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 067 064 040 Old_age Always - 33 (Min/Max 23/36)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 15
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 033 040 000 Old_age Always - 33 (0 23 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 7054 (68 231 0)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 74035391620
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 65426356249
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
東芝
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: Toshiba HDWL120
Serial Number: 88K6P0OYT
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000039 8b2409181
Firmware Version: JT000A
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.3, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 1.5 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Wed Apr 24 13:09:44 2019 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 322) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 100 100 050 Pre-fail Offline - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 100 001 Pre-fail Always - 1621
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 100 100 050 Pre-fail Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 092 092 000 Old_age Always - 3577
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 100 030 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 16896
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 30 (Min/Max 24/34)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 253 000 Old_age Always - 0
220 Disk_Shift 0x0002 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
222 Loaded_Hours 0x0032 092 092 000 Old_age Always - 3540
223 Load_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
224 Load_Friction 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
226 Load-in_Time 0x0026 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 268
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0001 100 100 001 Pre-fail Offline - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
camcontrol出力
camcontrol identify <dev>
[〜＃〜] wd [〜＃〜]
pass6: <WDC WD20SPZX-00CRAT0 01.01A01> ACS-3 ATA SATA 3.x device
pass6: 300.000MB/s transfers, Command Queueing Enabled
protocol ATA/ATAPI-10 SATA 3.x
device model WDC WD20SPZX-00CRAT0
firmware revision 01.01A01
serial number WD-WX91E17FJNXD
WWN 50014ee6086142a7
cylinders 16383
heads 16
sectors/track 63
sector size logical 512, physical 4096, offset 0
LBA supported 268435455 sectors
LBA48 supported 3907029168 sectors
PIO supported PIO4
DMA supported WDMA2 UDMA6
media RPM 5400
Feature Support Enabled Value Vendor
read ahead yes yes
write cache yes yes
flush cache yes yes
overlap no
Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ) no no
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) yes 32 tags
NCQ Queue Management no
NCQ Streaming no
Receive & Send FPDMA Queued no
SMART yes yes
microcode download yes yes
security yes no
power management yes yes
advanced power management yes no 254/0xFE
automatic acoustic management no no
media status notification no no
power-up in Standby yes no
write-read-verify no no
unload yes yes
general purpose logging yes yes
free-fall no no
Data Set Management (DSM/TRIM) yes
DSM - max 512byte blocks yes 10
DSM - deterministic read yes any value
Host Protected Area (HPA) no
シーゲイト
pass4: <ST2000LM015-2E8174 SDM1> ACS-3 ATA SATA 3.x device
pass4: 300.000MB/s transfers, Command Queueing Enabled
protocol ATA/ATAPI-10 SATA 3.x
device model ST2000LM015-2E8174
firmware revision SDM1
serial number WDZBHCXK
WWN 5000c500acdec7df
cylinders 16383
heads 16
sectors/track 63
sector size logical 512, physical 4096, offset 0
LBA supported 268435455 sectors
LBA48 supported 3907029168 sectors
PIO supported PIO4
DMA supported WDMA2 UDMA6
media RPM 5400
Feature Support Enabled Value Vendor
read ahead yes yes
write cache yes yes
flush cache yes yes
overlap no
Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ) no no
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) yes 32 tags
NCQ Queue Management no
NCQ Streaming no
Receive & Send FPDMA Queued no
SMART yes yes
microcode download yes yes
security yes no
power management yes yes
advanced power management yes no 0/0x00
automatic acoustic management no no
media status notification no no
power-up in Standby yes no
write-read-verify yes no 0/0x0
unload yes yes
general purpose logging yes yes
free-fall no no
Data Set Management (DSM/TRIM) no
Host Protected Area (HPA) yes no 3907029168/3907029168
HPA - Security no
東芝
pass16: <Toshiba HDWL120 JT000A> ACS-3 ATA SATA 3.x device
pass16: 150.000MB/s transfers, Command Queueing Enabled
protocol ATA/ATAPI-10 SATA 3.x
device model Toshiba HDWL120
firmware revision JT000A
serial number 88K6P0O0T
WWN 50000398b240915f
cylinders 16383
heads 16
sectors/track 63
sector size logical 512, physical 4096, offset 0
LBA supported 268435455 sectors
LBA48 supported 3907029168 sectors
PIO supported PIO4
DMA supported WDMA2 UDMA5
media RPM 5400
Feature Support Enabled Value Vendor
read ahead yes yes
write cache yes yes
flush cache yes yes
overlap no
Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ) no no
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) yes 32 tags
NCQ Queue Management no
NCQ Streaming no
Receive & Send FPDMA Queued no
SMART yes yes
microcode download yes yes
security yes no
power management yes yes
advanced power management yes yes 128/0x80
automatic acoustic management no no
media status notification no no
power-up in Standby yes no
write-read-verify yes no 0/0x0
unload yes yes
general purpose logging yes yes
free-fall no no
Data Set Management (DSM/TRIM) no
Host Protected Area (HPA) yes no 3907029168/3907029168
HPA - Security no
症状
プール自体は数ヶ月間安定しています。しかし、ベンダードライブでパフォーマンスに大きな違いが見られました。
ディスクビジー：WDドライブはほとんどの時間ビジー（95〜100％ディスクビジー）ですが、他のドライブ（SeagateおよびToshiba）は最大30％です。
![WD Disk Busy]()
![Seagate Disk Busy]()
![Toshiba Disk Busy]()
ディスクの待ち時間：WDドライブは2000〜8000ミリ秒の待ち時間を示します。その他（SeagateおよびToshiba）が20〜50ミリ秒の範囲にある場合の書き込みおよび削除用。
![Western Digital Disk Latency]()
![Seagate Disk Latency]()
![Toshiba Disk Latency]()
同じベンダーのすべてのドライブは同じように動作します。
- このシステムのすべてのWDドライブは悪いパフォーマンスを示します。グラフはほぼ同じです
- すべてのSeagateドライブとToshibaドライブは、これらのベンダー間でほぼ同じパフォーマンスデータを示しています。
- SeagateとToshibaはほとんど同じように動作しますが、わずかな違いがあります。
質問
- このセットアップでWDドライブのパフォーマンスが低下するのはなぜですか。
- 「同じドライブ特性」を選択する際に何かが足りませんでしたか？
- はい私はしました：WDだけがDSM/TRIMをサポートします！ WDドライブのTRIMに関する情報
- WDドライブの動作を改善するための設定はありますか？
- WDドライブがDSM/TRIMをサポートしているのに、他のドライブはサポートしていないのはなぜですか？
- その機能を無効にしてテストせずにテストする方法はありますか？
原因：Western Digital DrivesはTRIMをサポートしています
SeagateとToshibaを除いて、WDドライブはTRIMをサポートしています：Data Set Management (DSM/TRIM) yes
FreeBSD（FreeNAS）上のZFSはTRIMもサポートしています。 WDドライブには、削除されたデータを整理するための機能がたくさんあります。
解決策：TRIMを無効にする
1）実行時にドライブ自体でTRIMを無効にしようとすると、カーネルパニックが発生しました。 これは自己責任で行ってください！
sysctl kern.cam.da.6.delete_method=DISABLE
2）ZFSのTRIMを無効にすることは成功しましたが、私のCache-SSDはTRIMなしのままです。
FreeNAS-システム-調整可能に移動し、「調整可能追加」をクリックします
Variable: vfs.zfs.trim.enabled
Value: 0
Type: Loader
Enabled: checked
再起動後、ZFSはTRIMを実行しなくなります。ストレージははるかに高速に反応します。 「ディスクビジー」は高レベルのままですが、「ディスク遅延」が秒からミリ秒に低下しました！
「保留中のI/O要求」が平均から削除されました。 130から20以下。
ストレージ自体ははるかに機敏に感じます。 
編集：最後のスクラブは約11時間かかりましたが、前のスクラブは24日かかりました）。