HoughLinesPの後に行をマージする方法は？
私の仕事は、線（startX、startY、endX、endY）と長方形（4本の線）の座標を見つけることです。入力ファイルは次のとおりです。 
次のコードを使用します：
img = cv2.imread(image_src)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
ret, thresh1 = cv2.threshold(gray,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
edges = cv2.Canny(thresh1,50,150,apertureSize = 3)
minLineLength = 100
maxLineGap = 10
lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(edges,1,np.pi/180,10,minLineLength,maxLineGap)
print(len(lines))
for line in lines:
cv2.line(img,(line[0][0],line[0][1]),(line[0][2],line[0][3]),(0,0,255),6)
次の結果が得られます： 
最後の画像から、たくさんの小さな赤い線が見えます。
質問：
- 小さな線をマージする最良の方法は何ですか？
- HoughLinesPで検出されない小さな部分がたくさんあるのはなぜですか？
私はついにパイプラインを完成させました：
- 誤ったパラメータを修正しました（Danによって提案されたように）
- 私自身の「線分のマージ」アルゴリズムを開発しました。 TAVARESとPADILHAアルゴリズムを実装した （Andrewによって提案されたように）のとき、私は悪い結果を出しました。
- 私はキャニーをスキップして、より良い結果を得ました（アレクサンダーによって提案されたように）
コードと結果を見つけてください：
def get_lines(lines_in):
if cv2.__version__ < '3.0':
return lines_in[0]
return [l[0] for l in lines_in]
def process_lines(image_src):
img = mpimg.imread(image_src)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
ret, thresh1 = cv2.threshold(gray,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
thresh1 = cv2.bitwise_not(thresh1)
edges = cv2.Canny(thresh1, threshold1=50, threshold2=200, apertureSize = 3)
lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(thresh1, rho=1, theta=np.pi/180, threshold=50,
minLineLength=50, maxLineGap=30)
# l[0] - line; l[1] - angle
for line in get_lines(lines):
leftx, boty, rightx, topy = line
cv2.line(img, (leftx, boty), (rightx,topy), (0,0,255), 6)
# merge lines
#------------------
# prepare
_lines = []
for _line in get_lines(lines):
_lines.append([(_line[0], _line[1]),(_line[2], _line[3])])
# sort
_lines_x = []
_lines_y = []
for line_i in _lines:
orientation_i = math.atan2((line_i[0][1]-line_i[1][1]),(line_i[0][0]-line_i[1][0]))
if (abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) > 45) and abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) < (90+45):
_lines_y.append(line_i)
else:
_lines_x.append(line_i)
_lines_x = sorted(_lines_x, key=lambda _line: _line[0][0])
_lines_y = sorted(_lines_y, key=lambda _line: _line[0][1])
merged_lines_x = merge_lines_pipeline_2(_lines_x)
merged_lines_y = merge_lines_pipeline_2(_lines_y)
merged_lines_all = []
merged_lines_all.extend(merged_lines_x)
merged_lines_all.extend(merged_lines_y)
print("process groups lines", len(_lines), len(merged_lines_all))
img_merged_lines = mpimg.imread(image_src)
for line in merged_lines_all:
cv2.line(img_merged_lines, (line[0][0], line[0][1]), (line[1][0],line[1][1]), (0,0,255), 6)
cv2.imwrite('prediction/lines_gray.jpg',gray)
cv2.imwrite('prediction/lines_thresh.jpg',thresh1)
cv2.imwrite('prediction/lines_edges.jpg',edges)
cv2.imwrite('prediction/lines_lines.jpg',img)
cv2.imwrite('prediction/merged_lines.jpg',img_merged_lines)
return merged_lines_all
def merge_lines_pipeline_2(lines):
super_lines_final = []
super_lines = []
min_distance_to_merge = 30
min_angle_to_merge = 30
for line in lines:
create_new_group = True
group_updated = False
for group in super_lines:
for line2 in group:
if get_distance(line2, line) < min_distance_to_merge:
# check the angle between lines
orientation_i = math.atan2((line[0][1]-line[1][1]),(line[0][0]-line[1][0]))
orientation_j = math.atan2((line2[0][1]-line2[1][1]),(line2[0][0]-line2[1][0]))
if int(abs(abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) - abs(math.degrees(orientation_j)))) < min_angle_to_merge:
#print("angles", orientation_i, orientation_j)
#print(int(abs(orientation_i - orientation_j)))
group.append(line)
create_new_group = False
group_updated = True
break
if group_updated:
break
if (create_new_group):
new_group = []
new_group.append(line)
for idx, line2 in enumerate(lines):
# check the distance between lines
if get_distance(line2, line) < min_distance_to_merge:
# check the angle between lines
orientation_i = math.atan2((line[0][1]-line[1][1]),(line[0][0]-line[1][0]))
orientation_j = math.atan2((line2[0][1]-line2[1][1]),(line2[0][0]-line2[1][0]))
if int(abs(abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) - abs(math.degrees(orientation_j)))) < min_angle_to_merge:
#print("angles", orientation_i, orientation_j)
#print(int(abs(orientation_i - orientation_j)))
new_group.append(line2)
# remove line from lines list
#lines[idx] = False
# append new group
super_lines.append(new_group)
for group in super_lines:
super_lines_final.append(merge_lines_segments1(group))
return super_lines_final
def merge_lines_segments1(lines, use_log=False):
if(len(lines) == 1):
return lines[0]
line_i = lines[0]
# orientation
orientation_i = math.atan2((line_i[0][1]-line_i[1][1]),(line_i[0][0]-line_i[1][0]))
points = []
for line in lines:
points.append(line[0])
points.append(line[1])
if (abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) > 45) and abs(math.degrees(orientation_i)) < (90+45):
#sort by y
points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: point[1])
if use_log:
print("use y")
else:
#sort by x
points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: point[0])
if use_log:
print("use x")
return [points[0], points[len(points)-1]]
# https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.spatial.distance.cdist.html
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32702075/what-would-be-the-fastest-way-to-find-the-maximum-of-all-possible-distances-betw
def lines_close(line1, line2):
dist1 = math.hypot(line1[0][0] - line2[0][0], line1[0][0] - line2[0][1])
dist2 = math.hypot(line1[0][2] - line2[0][0], line1[0][3] - line2[0][1])
dist3 = math.hypot(line1[0][0] - line2[0][2], line1[0][0] - line2[0][3])
dist4 = math.hypot(line1[0][2] - line2[0][2], line1[0][3] - line2[0][3])
if (min(dist1,dist2,dist3,dist4) < 100):
return True
else:
return False
def lineMagnitude (x1, y1, x2, y2):
lineMagnitude = math.sqrt(math.pow((x2 - x1), 2)+ math.pow((y2 - y1), 2))
return lineMagnitude
#Calc minimum distance from a point and a line segment (i.e. consecutive vertices in a polyline).
# https://nodedangles.wordpress.com/2010/05/16/measuring-distance-from-a-point-to-a-line-segment/
# http://paulbourke.net/geometry/pointlineplane/
def DistancePointLine(px, py, x1, y1, x2, y2):
#http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/geometry/pointline/source.vba
LineMag = lineMagnitude(x1, y1, x2, y2)
if LineMag < 0.00000001:
DistancePointLine = 9999
return DistancePointLine
u1 = (((px - x1) * (x2 - x1)) + ((py - y1) * (y2 - y1)))
u = u1 / (LineMag * LineMag)
if (u < 0.00001) or (u > 1):
#// closest point does not fall within the line segment, take the shorter distance
#// to an endpoint
ix = lineMagnitude(px, py, x1, y1)
iy = lineMagnitude(px, py, x2, y2)
if ix > iy:
DistancePointLine = iy
else:
DistancePointLine = ix
else:
# Intersecting point is on the line, use the formula
ix = x1 + u * (x2 - x1)
iy = y1 + u * (y2 - y1)
DistancePointLine = lineMagnitude(px, py, ix, iy)
return DistancePointLine
def get_distance(line1, line2):
dist1 = DistancePointLine(line1[0][0], line1[0][1],
line2[0][0], line2[0][1], line2[1][0], line2[1][1])
dist2 = DistancePointLine(line1[1][0], line1[1][1],
line2[0][0], line2[0][1], line2[1][0], line2[1][1])
dist3 = DistancePointLine(line2[0][0], line2[0][1],
line1[0][0], line1[0][1], line1[1][0], line1[1][1])
dist4 = DistancePointLine(line2[1][0], line2[1][1],
line1[0][0], line1[0][1], line1[1][0], line1[1][1])
return min(dist1,dist2,dist3,dist4)
まだ572行あります。私の「線分のマージ」の後、89行しかありません 
上記の書き直されたコードは、30％速く、短く、そして私見では、より理解しやすいです：
class HoughBundler:
'''Clasterize and merge each cluster of cv2.HoughLinesP() output
a = HoughBundler()
foo = a.process_lines(houghP_lines, binary_image)
'''
def get_orientation(self, line):
'''get orientation of a line, using its length
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2
'''
orientation = math.atan2(abs((line[0] - line[2])), abs((line[1] - line[3])))
return math.degrees(orientation)
def checker(self, line_new, groups, min_distance_to_merge, min_angle_to_merge):
'''Check if line have enough distance and angle to be count as similar
'''
for group in groups:
# walk through existing line groups
for line_old in group:
# check distance
if self.get_distance(line_old, line_new) < min_distance_to_merge:
# check the angle between lines
orientation_new = self.get_orientation(line_new)
orientation_old = self.get_orientation(line_old)
# if all is ok -- line is similar to others in group
if abs(orientation_new - orientation_old) < min_angle_to_merge:
group.append(line_new)
return False
# if it is totally different line
return True
def DistancePointLine(self, point, line):
"""Get distance between point and line
http://local.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/geometry/pointline/source.vba
"""
px, py = point
x1, y1, x2, y2 = line
def lineMagnitude(x1, y1, x2, y2):
'Get line (aka vector) length'
lineMagnitude = math.sqrt(math.pow((x2 - x1), 2) + math.pow((y2 - y1), 2))
return lineMagnitude
LineMag = lineMagnitude(x1, y1, x2, y2)
if LineMag < 0.00000001:
DistancePointLine = 9999
return DistancePointLine
u1 = (((px - x1) * (x2 - x1)) + ((py - y1) * (y2 - y1)))
u = u1 / (LineMag * LineMag)
if (u < 0.00001) or (u > 1):
#// closest point does not fall within the line segment, take the shorter distance
#// to an endpoint
ix = lineMagnitude(px, py, x1, y1)
iy = lineMagnitude(px, py, x2, y2)
if ix > iy:
DistancePointLine = iy
else:
DistancePointLine = ix
else:
# Intersecting point is on the line, use the formula
ix = x1 + u * (x2 - x1)
iy = y1 + u * (y2 - y1)
DistancePointLine = lineMagnitude(px, py, ix, iy)
return DistancePointLine
def get_distance(self, a_line, b_line):
"""Get all possible distances between each dot of two lines and second line
return the shortest
"""
dist1 = self.DistancePointLine(a_line[:2], b_line)
dist2 = self.DistancePointLine(a_line[2:], b_line)
dist3 = self.DistancePointLine(b_line[:2], a_line)
dist4 = self.DistancePointLine(b_line[2:], a_line)
return min(dist1, dist2, dist3, dist4)
def merge_lines_pipeline_2(self, lines):
'Clusterize (group) lines'
groups = [] # all lines groups are here
# Parameters to play with
min_distance_to_merge = 30
min_angle_to_merge = 30
# first line will create new group every time
groups.append([lines[0]])
# if line is different from existing gropus, create a new group
for line_new in lines[1:]:
if self.checker(line_new, groups, min_distance_to_merge, min_angle_to_merge):
groups.append([line_new])
return groups
def merge_lines_segments1(self, lines):
"""Sort lines cluster and return first and last coordinates
"""
orientation = self.get_orientation(lines[0])
# special case
if(len(lines) == 1):
return [lines[0][:2], lines[0][2:]]
# [[1,2,3,4],[]] to [[1,2],[3,4],[],[]]
points = []
for line in lines:
points.append(line[:2])
points.append(line[2:])
# if vertical
if 45 < orientation < 135:
#sort by y
points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: point[1])
else:
#sort by x
points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: point[0])
# return first and last point in sorted group
# [[x,y],[x,y]]
return [points[0], points[-1]]
def process_lines(self, lines, img):
'''Main function for lines from cv.HoughLinesP() output merging
for OpenCV 3
lines -- cv.HoughLinesP() output
img -- binary image
'''
lines_x = []
lines_y = []
# for every line of cv2.HoughLinesP()
for line_i in [l[0] for l in lines]:
orientation = self.get_orientation(line_i)
# if vertical
if 45 < orientation < 135:
lines_y.append(line_i)
else:
lines_x.append(line_i)
lines_y = sorted(lines_y, key=lambda line: line[1])
lines_x = sorted(lines_x, key=lambda line: line[0])
merged_lines_all = []
# for each cluster in vertical and horizantal lines leave only one line
for i in [lines_x, lines_y]:
if len(i) > 0:
groups = self.merge_lines_pipeline_2(i)
merged_lines = []
for group in groups:
merged_lines.append(self.merge_lines_segments1(group))
merged_lines_all.extend(merged_lines)
return merged_lines_all
距離計算のある部分を次のように変更できます。
def distance_to_line(self, point, line):
"""Get distance between point and line
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40970478/python-3-5-2-distance-from-a-point-to-a-line
"""
px, py = point
x1, y1, x2, y2 = line
x_diff = x2 - x1
y_diff = y2 - y1
num = abs(y_diff * px - x_diff * py + x2 * y1 - y2 * x1)
den = math.sqrt(y_diff**2 + x_diff**2)
return num / den
def get_distance(self, a_line, b_line):
"""Get all possible distances between each dot of two lines and second line
return the shortest
"""
dist1 = self.distance_to_line(a_line[:2], b_line)
dist2 = self.distance_to_line(a_line[2:], b_line)
dist3 = self.distance_to_line(b_line[:2], a_line)
dist4 = self.distance_to_line(b_line[2:], a_line)
return min(dist1, dist2, dist3, dist4)
ただし、最後にわずかに異なる行が表示されます。